Premium smartphones are a delicate balance between performance and battery life. With increases in performance, are phones getting too hot?
Designing a premium smartphone has been a delicate balance between performance and
battery life for generations. However, continued increases in performance cause growing
concerns around heat.
The increased heat generated by advanced SoCs has led to thermal issues during
benchmark testing of several of the latest premium smartphones using high-performance SoCs, such as testing of the HTC One M9 and LG G Flex 2 by Ars Technica.
These premium smartphones use the Snapdragon 810, one of the most popular 3rd party
chipsets on the market. Despite the claims, however, no one has identified a specific issue with the Snapdragon or any other chipset that would cause the SoC and phone to overheat. To attempt to clear up this matter, Tirias Research has investigated the issues around
smartphone overheating.
Design issues
The primary tool for silicon vendors to increase performance efficiency has been through the use of an increasing numbers of compute cores because increasing clock frequencies
The primary tool for silicon vendors to increase performance efficiency has been through the use of an increasing numbers of compute cores because increasing clock frequencies
increase power even more. In premium handsets smartphone SoCs, the number of central
processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) cores has been doubling the
past few generations to the point where we have up to 10 CPU cores and hundreds of GPU cores in the highest-end smartphone SoCs. In addition, many smartphone SoC utilize highly specialized
compute cores for image processing, video encoding and decoding, audio processing,
signal processing for cellular communications, and sensor hubs. This all leads to more
power sources that increase performance and can create thermal issues.
The problem is further exacerbated by the foundation of silicon technology — Moore’s Law. Each process generation results in smaller design features the further condense these
compute cores and the space between the cores. This has the potential for creating hot
spots when cores are operating near their peak potential so close to other cores.
To address the issue of higher power consumption and to extend battery life, SoC vendors
have turned to increasingly complex designs that allow for separate power planes for
different cores and increasingly minute levels of clock controls, referred to as clock gating.
The finer the power solution, the more of the SoC can be disabled when it’s not required.
While this also aids in reducing thermals to some extent, it does not eliminate the potential
problem because the SoC is not the only component contributing to thermal issues.
There are other components that can lead thermal issues when being driven to perform at
or close to peak rates, including the power management IC (PMIC), the power amplifier,
the image sensor, and the display. Many are the result of applications or operating
conditions. Calling or transmitting data from the edge of the cell network forces the power
amplifier to or at peak levels; on-line gaming can drive the display, power amplifier, and SoC are high levels; and capturing
and encoding 4k video can drive the image sensor, display, SoC, and memory at high-levels. In all of these cases, the components temperature can rise to high levels causing the case or skin of the smartphone to heat-up excessively. And, as smartphone vendors push for thinner designs and more rigid
materials, such as metal, the potential for thermal issues increases because these
materials more readily transmit heat to the surface of the phone. A simple change or error in design or assembly can alter the thermal characteristics of a device and increase the
potential for thermal issues.
There are two key technologies that prevent these premium smartphones, and most other
electronic devices for that matter, from entering thermal runaway, or essentially catching
fire or melting – thermal sensors and the smartphone software. The thermal sensors are hardware
components positioned in areas of a chip or device to measure the temperature. These
temperatures are monitored in the system software according to specification of the various components. Typically, the silicon vendor provides recommendations and/or settings to the smartphone OEM, but it is up to the OEM to determine what that final settings will be and this may change over time as testing or customer feedback requires modifications. If the component temperature exceeds recommended levels, that system software reduces performance until acceptable temperatures are reached.
Putting the smartphones to the test
All premium smartphones face thermal design challenges, especially when using a leading-edge SoC. However, testing for the difference in designs and software settings requires
All premium smartphones face thermal design challenges, especially when using a leading-edge SoC. However, testing for the difference in designs and software settings requires
testing smartphones with both the same components and those with different components. Due to the purported thermal problems with the Snapdragon 810 in early benchmarking
testing of the HTC One M9 or LG G Flex 2 handsets, we chose to focus on handsets with
this chipset. For comparison purposes, we chose a handset using a competing Samsung
chipset, the Exynos 7420. Note that the Snapdragon 810 is an octa-core SoC manufactured using a 20nm TSMC process and the Exynos 7420 is an octa-core SoC manufactured on Samsung’s 14nm FinFET process.
For the tests, we used the following handsets with the associated specifications. Note that
with the number of design variables, it is impossible to create an exact comparison between any of the smartphones, but it does provide a basis for analysis on some of the internal
components and the smartphone design.
The tests were intended to stress the key components of the handsets to determine the
thermal results and potential for thermal issues in accordance with natural usage models.
Although not expected to yield the same results, a few industry benchmarks were also
included to determine if there was a difference. The set-up included a thermal imaging camera capturing the image of three smartphones at a time
and temperature probes located on the front and back of each smartphone. All smartphones were cooled and allowed to reach an ambient temperature before each test was conducted.
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